\documentclass{article}
\pagestyle{empty}\setlength\parindent{0pt}
\usepackage{listings,unicode-math}
\setmathfont{Cambria Math}
\newfontface\Mono{DejaVu Sans Mono}

\begin{document}
\section{Normal}
$x₁₂₃ x₉₊₋ x₊₋₍ x₍₌₎ xₑₒₓ$\par
$x⁰ⁱ⁺⁾ⁿ² xⁱ⁺⁾ⁿ² xⁿ² x²ⁱ⁺⁾ⁿ$\par
$x₃₄²ⁱ⁺⁾ⁿ$

\section{DejaVu Sans Mono}
\Mono
\$x₁₂₃ x₉₊₋ x₊₋₍ x₍₌₎ xₑₒₓ\$

\section{Listings}
\begin{lstlisting}[basicstyle=\Mono]
$x₁₂₃ x₉₊₋ x₊₋₍ x₍₌₎ xₑₒₓ$
\end{lstlisting}

\section{Verbatim}
\makeatletter
\let\verbatim@font\Mono
\verb|$x₁₂₃ x₉₊₋ x₊₋₍ x₍₌₎ xₑₒₓ$|
\end{document}

